AN ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AMONG SOLID WASTE WORKERS IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a significant global concern with regards to both its economic and environmental impact (Yukalang, Clarke & Ross, 2018). The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a pressing issue for local authorities, especially in less developed nations, due to the significant rise in trash production caused by population growth, improved living standards, urbanisation, and rapid development (Kumar & Pandey, 2019). The issue of municipal solid waste (MSW) has emerged as a significant obstacle to achieving sustainable development in developing nations (Rai, Bhattarai & Neupane, 2019). The scarcity of resources, coupled with the limited ability of municipalities to adhere to established solid waste management systems, inadequate infrastructure for waste collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal, limited technical expertise, and low public awareness, have posed challenges for local governments in managing solid waste (Azevedo, Scavarda & Caiado, 2019).

According to Joy and Chitra (2018), collecting municipal solid waste is considered one of the most dangerous occupations globally. Employees are subjected to various physical, biological, and chemical hazards, as well as occupational illnesses. The issue of occupational diseases associated to municipal solid waste management is not adequately addressed in developing countries (Endreddy & Yasobant, 2019). Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) refers to the comprehensive process of collecting, transporting, treating, recycling, recovering, and disposing of solid waste in urban areas (Shuvai, 2017). The quantity and nature of waste generated differ based on a nation's level of technological progress. Regularly generated municipal solid wastes, if not properly collected, handled, and treated, can lead to health issues and pollution (Bonsa Taffere & Alemayehu, 2019).

The occurrence of job-related accidents and ailments is significantly higher in less developed nations. It has been estimated that over 120 million work-related incidents result in more than 200,000 fatalities annually in the developing world (Lund & Marriott, 2021). According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2010, poor occupational health and reduced worker capacity contribute to 10-20% of a country's gross national product (GNP), while occupational diseases, illness, and death worldwide account for 4% of a country's GDP (Amponsah-Tawiah & Mensah, 2017). According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), in 2017, an estimated 6,300 individuals died each day as a result of occupational accidents, making it the primary cause of mortality. Additionally, there were approximately 2.3 million deaths annually owing to diseases associated to work (ILO, 2017).

In wealthy countries such as the USA, health risks associated with solid waste management (SWM) are evident at every level. Their approaches to solid waste management are traditional and involve the use of landfills, incineration, and composting. However, the workers in this industry do not possess special protection against hazards and health concerns (Mehrad et al., 2018). Prior research conducted in Sweden and Denmark has identified instances of respiratory diseases among waste collection workers. The individuals encompassed in this category are comprised of employees stationed at trash reception rooms, personnel involved in material recovery, workers assigned to picking lines, and manual labourers at composting plants and landfills. Insufficient extraction methods in these nations result in workers being exposed to elevated levels of microbiological pollutants present in dust and aerosols (Brągoszewska & Pawlak, 2021).

A medical examination conducted in Romania during the mid-1990s revealed that trash workers had an increased occurrence of skin and eye illnesses due to the absence of protective clothes and proper washing facilities (Todor, 2021). In India, there was a high prevalence of intestinal parasites and gastroenteritis among waste collectors, waste disposal workers, and scavenger groups. The occurrence of this was attributed to the presence of dust in the working environment, inadequate attention to personal hygiene, and the absence of clean water for drinking and washing (Ziraba, Haregu, & Mberu, 2020). trash handlers, such as collection workers and trash dumpsite supervisors, encounter specific occupational risks, such as muscular strains from lifting, injuries from sharp objects, and exposure to infections when manually handling the waste (Patil & Kamble, 2017). Individuals are susceptible to a diverse range of health risks that can be encountered by direct contact with the skin, injection, consumption, or inhalation (Suleman et al., 2019). Nevertheless, there is compelling evidence indicating significant health consequences for workers at specific waste sites. Therefore, it is crucial to underscore the significance of enforcing stringent occupational exposure limits for hazardous substances and ensuring the utilisation of suitable personal protective equipment (Adebola & Adeyemi, 2019).

Occupational health concerns faced by waste collectors in impoverished countries encompass musculoskeletal strains, cuts and gashes, and allergic reactions (Thakur, Ganguly & Dhulia, 2018). Municipal solid trash collectors are susceptible to occupational health concerns due to extended working hours, frequent work accidents, and exposure to many types of threats such as chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological hazards. These issues can lead to the development of both physical and psychological ailments (Zolnikov et al., 2018). The absence of adequate protective gear is a primary factor contributing to the prevalence of occupational health issues among waste collectors in less developed countries. The main reason for this is the inadequate funding allocation for effective municipal solid waste collection. Engaging in this activity puts you at risk of several health hazards, such as contracting infections, being exposed to dangerous disease-causing microorganisms, and experiencing injuries to your muscles, wounds, and fractures (Thakur et al., 2018).

Cameroon is currently experiencing a rising apprehension regarding the occupational health and safety (OHS) circumstances faced by solid waste workers. Although these workers play a vital role in public health, they frequently encounter substantial health hazards, with no focus on their welfare. The presence of occupational health hazards in this industry might result in several detrimental health consequences, such as respiratory ailments, dermatological conditions, musculoskeletal disorders, and infections (Thakur et al., 2018). Moreover, the psychosocial consequences of working in a high-risk setting, such as stress and uncertainty about job stability, also have an influence on the general well-being of these individuals (Zolnikov et al., 2018). The objective of this study is to evaluate the occupational health and safety circumstances of solid waste workers in Cameroon. The study will specifically focus on identifying the primary dangers they encounter, assessing the efficacy of current safety measures, and suggesting methods to enhance their working conditions. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the occupational health and safety (OHS) concerns in this sector is crucial in order to design effective measures that safeguard the well-being of workers, improve the effectiveness of waste management operations, and support the sustainable growth of urban areas in Cameroon.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Effective waste management is a crucial public service that guarantees the cleanliness, health, and long-term viability of urban areas. The solid waste management sector in Cameroon encounters various obstacles, such as poor infrastructure, insufficient financial resources, and a dearth of appropriate legislation. The issues have a substantial impact on the working conditions of solid waste workers, who frequently face several occupational dangers without sufficient protection or training (Fobil, Armah, Hogarh, & Carboo, 2018).

Cameroonian solid waste workers regularly encounter garbage in unsafe settings, which exposes them to various biological, chemical, and physical dangers. The hazards encompass the risks of being exposed to dangerous waste materials, sustaining bodily injuries from sharp objects, experiencing respiratory problems due to inhaling dust and poisonous fumes, and contracting illnesses from coming into touch with contaminated garbage (Bogale & Kumie, 2020). Moreover, the absence of proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and inadequate training on occupational health and safety (OHS) intensify the hazards encountered by these workers (Kubanza & Simatele, 2020). Cameroon has not given much attention to the occupational health and safety of solid waste workers, despite their crucial role in ensuring public health and environmental hygiene. The lack of comprehensive occupational health and safety (OHS) rules and regulations, combined with ineffective enforcement of current safety standards, exposes these workers to a range of health issues, such as respiratory diseases, skin infections, musculoskeletal disorders, and injuries (Rushton, 2023).

The lack of sufficient safety protocols and training is a major cause for worry. Evidence suggests that a significant number of waste management employees in Cameroon lack adequate safety training and equipment (Ndiaye et al., 2019). The lack of training and resources contributes to a higher probability of occupational accidents and health issues (World Health Organization, 2018). Furthermore, these laborers have restricted access to healthcare services. According to Fomunung and Nkanang (2022), a significant number of solid waste workers do not have health insurance and have obstacles while trying to obtain medical treatment, which worsens their health problems. The informal character of many waste management employment exacerbates this problem, frequently leaving workers devoid of legal safeguards or support mechanisms (Boh and Tepe, 2020).

In addition, the psychological factors present in their work environment, such as stress, job insecurity, and the negative perception associated with waste management, contribute to the general decline of their physical and mental health (Gutberlet & Baeder, 2018). The absence of sufficient healthcare services, support networks, and acknowledgement for these workers exacerbates the issue, leading to a marginalized and vulnerable workforce. This study aims to examine the occupational health and safety circumstances of solid waste workers in Cameroon, with the intention of addressing these crucial concerns. 

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically Assess Occupational Health and Safety Among Solid Waste Workers in Cameroon. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To assess the current occupational health and safety conditions faced by solid waste workers in Cameroon

To identify specific health risks and safety issues that solid waste workers encounter

To assess the availability, use, and effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) provided to solid waste workers in Cameroon

To evaluate the impact of training and awareness programs on the safety practices and health outcomes of solid waste workers in Cameroon.

To assess the access solid waste workers, have to healthcare services and support systems in Cameroon

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

What are the current occupational health and safety conditions experienced by solid waste workers in Cameroon?

What specific health risks and safety issues are prevalent among solid waste workers?

How adequate is the provision and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for solid waste workers?

What is the impact of current training and awareness programs on the health and safety of solid waste workers?

How accessible are healthcare services and support systems for solid waste workers in Cameroon?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: Solid waste workers in Cameroon are not exposed to any occupational health and safety conditions.

Ha: Solid waste workers in Cameroon are exposed to numerous occupational health and safety conditions.

1.6 Significance of the study

The research on occupational health and safety among solid waste workers in Cameroon is highly important for multiple stakeholders, such as policymakers, public health experts, and the workers themselves.

The study offers a thorough evaluation of the health and safety circumstances encountered by solid waste workers. Through the identification of precise risks and the evaluation of the efficacy of existing safety measures, the study can result in focused changes that enhance the welfare and safety of these workers. Implementing more stringent safety measures and utilizing improved protection gear can effectively decrease the occurrence of work-related accidents and illnesses.

Furthermore, the study's findings can provide valuable insights to policymakers and regulatory organizations regarding the deficiencies in existing occupational health and safety standards. Empirical advice can bolster the establishment of more stringent legislation and standards, so enhancing the safeguarding of solid waste workers. This can facilitate the development of more comprehensive occupational health policy and safety regulations.

Moreover, the study's findings on the efficacy of existing training and awareness programs can inform the development and execution of more efficient educational initiatives. Enhanced training programs can augment workers' understanding of safety protocols, correct utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE), and overall occupational well-being.

Moreover, the study sheds light on crucial areas where support is deficient by examining the healthcare services available to solid waste workers. This may result in efforts to enhance the accessibility and cost of healthcare for workers, such as the establishment of health insurance programs or the improvement of healthcare facilities in regions with a large number of trash workers. Addressing occupational health and safety concerns can help promote the implementation of more sustainable waste management practices. Workers who are in good health and have enough protection are more likely to carry out their responsibilities efficiently, leading to improved waste management results and a more pristine environment.

Furthermore, the study contributes to the existing knowledge on occupational health and safety in developing nations, specifically in the field of waste management. It offers useful data and insights that may be utilized for additional research and comparison with other locations or sectors.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically Assess Occupational Health and Safety Among Solid Waste Workers in Cameroon. Specifically, this study seeks to assess the current occupational health and safety conditions faced by solid waste workers in Cameroon, identify specific health risks and safety issues that solid waste workers encounter and assess the availability, use, and effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) provided to solid waste workers in Cameroon. 

Further, this study will focus on evaluating the impact of training and awareness programs on the safety practices and health outcomes of solid waste workers and it also seeks to assess the access solid waste workers have to healthcare services and support systems in Cameroon.

 The study is carried out in Cameroon. 

1.8 Limitations of the study

During the analysis, the researchers noted certain modest constraints that are inherent to all human activities. The main limitation was the lack of extensive literature on the subject, which resulted from the scarcity of data on an evaluation of Occupational Health and Safety among Solid Waste Workers in Cameroon. Therefore, a significant allocation of time and exertion was necessary to determine the appropriate materials, books, or information and gather data. 

Furthermore, this study is constrained by its small sample size and narrow geographic scope, primarily focusing on Cameroon. Therefore, the generalizability of the findings from this study is restricted, highlighting the need for more research. 

Moreover, the researcher's limitations were primarily ascribed to financial constraints, as they are a student who lacks the requisite financial means to sustain themselves. The exorbitant transportation fees at the study site posed a challenge in meeting the financial obligations related to transportation expenses.

Furthermore, the researcher faced a time constraint due to the need to conduct this study while simultaneously fulfilling the obligations of attending lectures and participating in other educational pursuits.

1.9 Definition of terms

Solid waste: solid waste" means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities.

Solid waste management: The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete process of collecting, treating and disposing of solid wastes. In the waste management process, the wastes are collected from different sources and are disposed of. This process includes collection, transportation, treatment, analysis and disposal of waste.

Occupational safety and health: Occupational safety and health (OSH) is generally defined as the science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace that could impair the health and well-being of workers, taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities and the general public